AdWeek: Inside the Campaign Ad Machine

Talk to enough political consultants, and sooner or later you’ll hear some variation on the same story: the one about the tiny, small-market TV stations that, come the year after a big election, suddenly find themselves with enough money to buy new furniture, remodel their studios, and give out big bonuses to their staff. Cash doesn’t just flow into TV and radio stations during presidential elections—it gushes. In 2008, TV commercials ate up at least $2.8 billion in campaign funds nationwide, according to the Campaign Media Analysis Group. About $2 billion of that went to local broadcast ads. Barack Obama’s campaign spent about $310 million of the total, and John McCain’s kicked in another $136 million, with the rest spent by other presidential candidates during the primaries and by political parties, independent groups, and candidates for other offices.

The 2012 election is expected to set new spending records, which is why most of the would-be GOP nominees are spending the majority of their time right now raising money. But presidential campaigns turn the logic of TV advertising on its head, anyway. Most candidates get tons of what political operatives call “earned media,” thanks to the 24-hour news cycle—if you’re running for president, your name is going to get out there, even if you don’t spend a dime publicizing it.

“So much of presidential advertising is wasted money,” says Mark McKinnon, who made ads for George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004, and worked for McCain in the 2008 primaries before withdrawing because he didn’t want to work against Obama. “The ads become just background to a broad architecture the campaigns are trying to create. . . . Easily half of the money spent on TV ads in presidential campaigns is a complete waste and would be better spent online or on other activities.”

In many races, there’s often a built-in incentive to waste that money, though: Media consultants are frequently paid on commission, so the more ads that run, the more they make. Standard commissions for House or Senate races run between 10 and 15 percent, but the higher volume in a presidential race means lower rates. Republican presidential candidates typically pay a flat fee, or cap the amount of commission they’ll pay, in part because many GOP ad makers also get lucrative contracts for public affairs campaigns for corporate clients. Democratic candidates began shifting to that model four years ago, too. (In 2008, Obama still paid media consultants $2.7 million, according to the Center for Responsive Politics.)

Some of the most famous ads in past campaigns came out of big mainstream firms—Ronald Reagan’s “Bear in the Woods” and “Morning in America” spots, for instance, were made by Hal Riney when he was at Ogilvy & Mather (BBDO was also represented on Reagan’s “Tuesday Team,” an ad hoc group of admen who worked on his 1984 reelection). But as campaign budgets grew over the last few decades, politics has gotten increasingly specialized; now it’s not uncommon for pollsters and general consultants to recommend political media strategists to candidates.

This may be one of the last election cycles where TV dominates candidates’ budgets the way it has over the past few decades. The share of political advertising dollars that goes to interactive remains quite small, but it’s growing, and many of the would-be presidents announced their official entry into the race online. But don’t tell that to some of McKinnon’s colleagues, who—six months before the Iowa caucus—are already on board with the Republicans hoping to take Obama’s job. Here’s a look at who will rake in the cash making commercials for the GOP—and the president—next year and, as well, help make history.

Mitt Romney

Selling Mitt Romney won’t be easy. Republican primary voters got a look at the product four years ago, when Romney spent $30.7 million on TV ads out of a total of $107 million he burned through ($44 million of which came from his own fortune). And since then, Romney’s signature accomplishment from his time as governor of Massachusetts, a universal health insurance plan, has become an anchor around his neck.

Those working on Mitt 2.0 are ready to try, though. And Romney raised $10.2 million in one day in May, so it looks as if he’ll have plenty of money for commercials. The sprawling group of consultants who worked on his 2008 bid is gone, leaving just the Silver Spring, Md.-based Stevens & Schriefer Group to do TV ads and Arlington, Va.-based Targeted Victory (founded by a former Republican National Committee turnout wiz, Michael Beach) to work on new media.

Stevens & Schriefer principals Stuart Stevens and Russ Schriefer worked for Romney four years ago, too. But back then they were just one of many voices with some control over Romney’s TV strategy. “In 2008, the idea of the expanded media team was to inject a lot of creativity and collaboration. But instead, it injected competition,” says one GOP strategist who has worked for Romney. “Stuart and Russ emerged as having a greater rapport with the candidate.”

The firm made some of George W. Bush’s most effective ads in 2004, including a notorious spot featuring John Kerry windsurfing, flipping and flopping across the screen to the tune of “The Blue Danube” as contradictory positions he’d taken scrolled by. “If I were a front-runner trying to cement my position, I’d hire Stuart and Russ,” says McKinnon, who worked with the pair on Bush’s ads.

Michele Bachmann

There was no particular reason Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann had to spend nearly $4 million on advertising for her reelection race last year; she won by 13 points. But she’d raised $13 million from fans around the country, so why not? She’s stayed on a hot fundraising pace this year, bringing in $2.2 million in the first quarter, more than Romney did in the same period. Bachmann’s longtime media consultant, D.C.-based Ed Brookover, was behind the blitz, and he’ll continue to shape her image as Bachmann tries to vault from her spot as exurban Twin Cities congresswoman/national voice of the Tea Party id to a higher post.

Though Bachmann sometimes alienates her GOP allies, Brookover never does—he’s close to House Speaker John Boehner, who brought him in to help the Republicans’ national House campaign in 2008. His firm, Greener and Hook, does specialize in the right flank of the House caucus; other clients include Florida’s Allen West, North Carolina’s Virginia Foxx, and Ohio’s Jean Schmidt, none of whom would ever be accused of moderation, either in their politics or in their rhetorical style. But even with such outspoken candidates, Brookover’s ads can be fairly tame.

Jon Huntsman

While former Utah Gov. Jon Huntsman was still serving in the Obama administration as ambassador to China, some veterans of John McCain’s 2008 campaign put together an organization-in-waiting for him, hoping he could be the guy to liven up a potentially drab field. To make hypothetical TV ads, they enlisted Fred Davis, who was responsible for the McCain campaign’s general election advertising.

Thanks to Davis, Huntsman’s ads are likely to be memorable. Think of an ad or Web video from a Republican candidate over the last few years, one you can remember offhand. Chances are, Davis made it. The McCain ad that compared Barack Obama to Paris Hilton and Britney Spears, calling him “the biggest celebrity in the world?” Davis. The “demon sheep” Web video for former HP executive Carly Fiorina’s Senate campaign, which portrayed other GOP candidates as red-eyed wolves lurking amidst the Republican flock? Davis. The most famous spot Davis has been responsible for lately, though, may be the misfire from last year: Delaware Senate candidate Christine O’Donnell reassuring voters, “I’m not a witch.”

Republicans say no one in the business comes up with ideas like Davis: “Great creativity, visual sense, excellent production values. Easy to work with, too,” says McCain ‘08 advisor Mark Salter. Davis told Time last year that he aims for his work to go viral; it cuts down on the airtime his candidates need to buy. But that creative impulse comes with a downside: Flops can go viral just as quickly as hits, as the O’Donnell spot showed. “I’m not sure that it’s a badge of honor to be known for one of the most ill-conceived ads of 2010,” says a Democratic ad maker.

Sarah Palin

Nothing Sarah Palin has done in national politics has followed the usual rules. That may be why the former vice presidential candidate has a pair of first-time political filmmakers making videos for her political action committee, SarahPAC. Those filmmakers, from Nashville’s PassCode Creative, are Eric Welch, a country music video director who’s worked for Toby Keith and Tim McGraw, among others, and Josh Gatlin, a former trip planner for the Bush White House whose father is country star Larry Gatlin. Last year, the two made Palin’s crypto-feminist “Mama Grizzlies” video, in which she touted conservative women running in House and Senate races. They’ve also made videos from Palin’s recent bus tour of the U.S., featuring quick cuts and—in a twist for a politician who can’t seem to open her mouth without bashing the “lamestream media”—voiceovers from local news reports. Welch’s former country music clients Keith and McGraw, by the way, are Democrats—proving that bipartisanship may not be dead, after all.

Whether Palin will stick with them if she does run—or, indeed, whether she’ll run at all—isn’t clear. But with a friendly documentary (The Undefeated) coming to AMC theaters in July, and a Fox News contract that’s still in effect, she’ll get plenty of free media as she ponders a campaign.

Tim Pawlenty

The former Minnesota governor rolled out a series of high-octane biographical spots starting last summer, well before he’d officially entered the race. When he did get in this spring, he used a video to make the announcement. But none of those were on television; so far, Pawlenty’s videos are intended for YouTube, not your TV.

Running, for now, on what he calls a “good solid Buick” campaign budget, Pawlenty doesn’t have a traditional media consultant yet. Five years ago, he hired Bloomington, Minn.-based Bleakly and Schutten to make the ads for his gubernatorial reelection campaign; that firm, in a throwback to the days before hyperspecialization in political ads, also makes commercials for business clients, like Hormel (maker of Spam). But for this campaign, he’s mostly been using Engage, one of the GOP’s rising new media firms. He paid them about $100,000 during the 2010 election cycle alone—before he officially began running. The firm, led by Patrick Ruffini and Mindy Finn, also worked on Bob McDonnell’s winning campaign for Virginia governor in 2009, advising him to spend 7.5 percent of his total advertising budget online. “With the exponential growth in DVR use and 10 percent of the population no longer watching television, you will miss voters if you don’t run online ads,” Finn wrote in a post-mortem. Even without a media consultant, Pawlenty became the first candidate to put TV ads up in Iowa, launching a $50,000 statewide buy in late June. Aide Alex Conant says the campaign produced the commercials in-house; they feature Pawlenty talking to the camera about his record in Minnesota, with a jaunty orchestral soundtrack. With a crucial straw poll in Ames later this summer, the ads could help Pawlenty build name ID and support.

Rick Santorum

The last time former Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum ran for office, when he was seeking reelection in 2006, he appeared on local TV stations talking about Social Security while a polka band oompah-ed along behind him. His six kids showed up in another spot, defending their dad for moving the family to D.C. while he served in the Senate.

Those ads didn’t keep Santorum from losing. But both were the handiwork of Pittsburgh-based media consultant John Brabender, who first made a name in national politics by creating ads for Santorum’s winning 1994 Senate race, and who’s back for another campaign. Brabender’s style—offbeat concepts and high production values—might seem out of place for a campaign that looks doomed from the start. But even if they don’t persuade voters, commercials that get political operatives talking might bring some other benefits.

“It’s often not about moving poll numbers, but it’s about getting attention, which actually seems very much to fit in with Rick Santorum’s theme,” says a Pennsylvania Democratic strategist who’s watched Brabender’s work for years. “The guy has no chance in the world of being president, but he’s running to get attention.”

That attention might help Santorum get a consolation prize if he doesn’t win—like higher speaking fees, or a better gig with Fox News, which dropped him as a contributor earlier this year because of his impending campaign.

Newt Gingrich

The former House speaker didn’t have an ad consultant yet when his senior campaign staff quit en masse in early June. Now he says he’ll be running an “unconventional” campaign, relying heavily on Twitter. His early YouTube videos were low on production values—and that was before his aides jumped off his rapidly sinking ship.

Ron Paul

The libertarian hero put his grassroots supporters to work making his ads four years ago, running a YouTube competition for Paulites to produce their own spots, which the campaign then bought TV time to run. His 2008 YouTube page was the second-most subscribed politician’s page, trailing only Obama’s. So far this year, he’s only put up one spot on YouTube, but don’t expect that to last.

Herman Cain

A former Godfather’s Pizza CEO turned novelty candidate, Cain doesn’t have a media consultant yet; campaign aides say he’s just happy for now to ride an unexpected outpouring of grassroots support. When he ran, unsuccessfully, in the Republican primary for a Senate seat in Georgia in 2004, his ads were made by J Basset Advertising, based in Columbus, Ga. They mostly featured Cain talking straight into the camera and referring to himself in the third person (“Who is Herman Cain?”).

Barack Obama

Don’t let all the Republican names fool you—there will be plenty of ads from the incumbent on the air next year, too. For his reelection campaign, the president is going back to the team that helped him win in 2008, breaking spending records in the process. Led by his longtime message guru David Axelrod and GMMB’s Jim Margolis (a D.C.-based consultant who’s also worked for Harry Reid), Obama’s team puts ads on TV, on the Internet, even in video games. (If you were playing Madden NFL ‘09 on your Xbox 360 and you lived in a battleground state, the campaign logo popped up in ads in the virtual stadium.) The campaign made 30-second ads, minute-long spots, two-minute ads, and by the fall, a nationally televised half-hour infomercial, the latter mostly produced by longtime Democratic ad makers Mark Putnam and Steve Murphy. Next year, his team could have the same problem as 2008: So much money, they don’t know what to do with it. Obama could raise more than $1 billion for the 2012 campaign, which means the nation probably hasn’t seen the last of those video game ads.